- TRAPPIST-1, a red dwarf star 39-light-years away from us, has seven Earth-size planets orbiting it.
- It’s likely that all of these worlds are rocky and may possibly harbor liquid water.
- Red dwarf stars are the most abundant type of star in the Milky Way galaxy.
- In the future, telescopes might be able to detect light that passes through the planets’ atmospheres — and possibly signal the presence or absence of alien life.
Less than a year ago, astronomers announced an astounding discovery: They’d found three Earth-size planets orbiting a small, dim red star.
But as it turns out, their first observations missed a whole bunch of worlds.
The astronomers now think seven rocky planets similar to our own may circle the star, called TRAPPIST-1 — an “ultra-cool” red dwarf located about 39 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius. Thirty researchers from around the world announced the new discovery Tuesday in the journal Nature.
The team’s surprise didn’t end with an increased world count, though.
Each planet orbits TRAPPIST-1 in the star’s Goldilocks-like habitable zone — a region where there’s enough starlight to permit the existence of liquid water. Four of the seven worlds may even be candidates for hosting alien life, team members said Tuesday during a press teleconference call.
“This is really the first time we have seven planets that we can say are in terrestrial zone, and it’s really, really surprising,” said Michaël Gillon, a study co-author and astronomer at the Université de Liège in Belgium.
The discovery of the new worlds, each within 10-20% of the size of Earth, may have profound implications for the search for extraterrestrial life beyond the solar system.
An alien, yet possibly common, solar system
The dwarf star and its system of seven known planets — called TRAPPIST-1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, and 1h — is relatively small compared to our own.
In fact, one “year” on the innermost planet, 1b, takes about a day and a half on Earth. The outermost planet, 1h (which scientists have caught only a fleeting glimpse of), takes about 20 Earth-days to orbit the star.
“If we put the TRAPPIST-1 star [in] the place of the sun, we’d have all seven planets inside the orbit of Mercury,” Emmanuël Jehin, another co-author at the Université de Liège, said on the call.
But that isn’t a deal-breaker for the possibility of life.
TRAPPIST-1’s surface temperature is about half that of the sun’s, making it “ultra-cool” as stars go. However, if a planet orbits closely enough, it can receive the same amount of solar energy as the Earth receives from the sun at 93 million miles away. All of TRAPPIST-1’s worlds appear to be “temperate” and not close enough to get roasted.
The team said it’s “very hard to know” if they just got lucky with their unprecedented discovery of seven Earth-size planets around a single star, or if such an abundance of worlds is common, said Amaury Triaud, fellow co-author and astronomer at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge, UK.
Either way, the bounty of worlds may vastly improve the chances that humans aren’t alone in the Milky Way galaxy, let alone the universe at large.
“I think we’ve made a crucial step toward finding life out there,” Triaud told Business Insider during the call.
“I don’t think we’ve had the right planets to look at,” he said. “If life managed to thrive and release gases similar to those here on Earth, then we will know. We have the right targets.”
Another target could also be Proxima Centauri, a red dwarf just 4.24 light-years away — many times closer than TRAPPIST-1. In 2016, astronomers learned this star system may harbor an Earth-like planet called Proxima b.
NASA’s upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) might be able to study the probable world’s alien atmosphere for signs of life. A Russian billionaire is also backing an ambitious mission to laser-propel a fleet of tiny spacecraft toward Proxima Centauri and its close neighbor Alpha Centauri to directly study and photograph any worlds around the stars.
Why there could be life around TRAPPIST-1
Since astronomers verified the discovery of the first exoplanet 25 years ago, scientists have gradually come around to the idea that life is probably common in the universe. (Whether or not it’s intelligent, angry, friendly, or indifferent, however, is a different matter.)
The transit method, where a planet passes in front of a star and dims its light ever-so-slightly, showed humanity that perhaps trillions of planets may exist in our galaxy alone.
Gillon and his colleagues used the same method to discover the seven new worlds. They found the first three in previous years using a ground-based telescope named TRAPPIST. They detected the four additional worlds featured in the new study by staring down TRAPPIST-1 for 20 consecutive days with NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope.
And, as previously mentioned, more-abundant stars that are much cooler than the sun can warm up rocky planets enough to melt water; that is, if they have enough insulating gases in their atmospheres.
“It’s possible their atmospheres are very similar to the Earth, or Venus, or something completely different,” Gillon said.
The study suggests that the diameters and masses of each planet, estimated based on the amount of starlight dimming they cause, match up with that of rocky worlds, and possibly those that harbor water as ice or liquid oceans.
That’s not to say life is guaranteed around TRAPPIST-1.
Dangerous space weather, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections, could endanger any aliens by blasting them with dangerous high-energy particles. And unfortunately, red dwarf stars — more than most other types of stars — are known for such temper tantrums.
The planets also seem to orbit in “resonance,” which could mean that they may be tidally locked and always facing the star with the same side, much like Jupiter’s largest moons.
But neither of these necessarily mean doom for any life that may exist there, the researchers said.
For one, Gillon said, TRAPPIST-1 “is a very quiet star” as far as giant balls of fusing plasma go.
Gillon also says orbital resonances and tidal locking may actually be an advantage.
“This could lead to a huge tidal heating in the cores of the planets,” he said, by kneading them with gravitational strain.
Such warmth could melt ice into liquid, belch insulating gases into the planet’s atmosphere through volcanism, and generally stir up the ingredients for life.
What’s next for TRAPPIST-1
Gillon said the team’s discovery of TRAPPIST-1’s seven planets “is just the beginning.”
Direct photographs of the planets may not be possible, the researchers said. But in the near future, the scientists hope to use telescopes like JWST — scheduled to launch in 2018 — to peek at starlight that passes through the atmospheres of the planets.
The technique could help them measure how much oxygen, ozone, and other gases the worlds might contain.
“For instance, oxygen can be produced by photolysis of water on a water-rich planet,” Gillon said. “It’s really the molecules and their relative abundances that enable us to give the plausible or restricted extent of life. We’ll see.”
And even if TRAPPIST-1 seems to be a dead or sterile planetary system now, that still doesn’t mean it’s an unlikely place to seek out aliens in the future.
“But one thing is certain: in a few billion years, when the Sun has run out of fuel and the Solar System has ceased to exist, TRAPPIST-1 will still be only an infant star. It burns hydrogen so slowly that it will live for another 10 trillion years” Snellen wrote, adding that’s “more than 700 times longer than the Universe has existed so far, which is arguably enough time for life to evolve.”
NOW WATCH: Stephen Hawking warned us about contacting aliens, but this astronomer says it’s ‘too late’
