In fact, latest data from Mortgage Advice Bureau suggests that 97 per cent of customers borrowing to fund a property purchase in February took out a fixed rate deal of some sort or another, whilst 95 per cent of those remortgaging also opted for a fixed rate.
It’s easy to understand why.
The end of the low interest rate environment could come as a shock to millions of homeowners, many of whom have only had a mortgage whilst the interest rate has been 0.5 per cent.
Research out this week from HSBC suggests that in the UK, one in six (16 per cent) of homeowners say that a two percentage point increase in the interest rate of their home loan would cause them to struggle or not be able to afford their mortgage repayments.
The data also suggests that 35 per cent of households would be under financial strain should the interest rate rise to 5.5 per cent.
Related articles
Many industry experts suggest that we could see an interest rate rise as early as May, with perhaps another one or even two further rate increases before the end of 2018 as the Bank of England aims to bring inflation under control by reducing consumer access to cheap borrowing.
There is another factor involved on the supply side, as lenders are seeing their access to cheap ‘wholesale’ funding reducing, which also creates an upwards pressure on mortgage rates for consumers.
Casting our minds back to before the credit crunch, between 1997 and 2007 the average Bank of England Base rate was 5.4 per cent.
Which means that, if we were to see a return to rates of what were previously considered normal, over a third of the UK would struggle.
This of course explains why fixed rate mortgages have become the natural choice for borrowers, as they provide a way to secure probably the single biggest point of household outlay for a pre-determined period.
GETTY
Many industry experts suggest that we could see an interest rate rise as early as May
So, the case for a fixed rate mortgage, for many consumers at least, is very easy to make.
But how long could you fix your mortgage for?
In a time of super-cheap mortgage rates, two and three and even five year deals fixed at below two per cent have become commonplace.
But what a lot of would-be borrowers don’t know is that it’s possible to secure your mortgage rate until 2028, and sometimes for less than 2.5 per cent.
Over the last two years, there’s been an emergence of competitively priced ten year fixed rate mortgage products.
Playing on our fears about an end to cheap borrowing, together with concerns around what a post-Brexit economy might do to interest rates, mainstream banks such as TSB and Barclays, together with building societies such as the Coventry and the Nationwide have all launched decade-long fixed rates, which have proven popular with those who are keen to secure a cheap rate for a long as possible.
GETTY
You may be able to take your mortgage with you if you move home
HSBC launched its ten year fixed rate mortgage in July 2016.
Greg Went, HSBC UK’s Head of Mortgages commented: “Ten years might seem like a lifetime away, yet our research shows that we like to plan ahead and financial peace of mind is important to us.
“Fixing a mortgage rate for the long term offers customers certainty that their mortgage repayments will not increase over that period, and can give homeowners the assurance that their mortgage rate won’t change regardless of what else might happen with the wider economy or the Bank of England Base Rate.”
So, which customers might benefit most from fixing their mortgage until 2028? Gregg answered: “Ten year fixed rate mortgages are most popular with those remortgaging, and we would typically expect to see people normally half way through their mortgage at the 60 per cent Loan To Value tier, so they lock in for ten years.
“For example, someone with approximately ten years left on their term might look to take a ten year fixed rate at 2.49 per cent with no fee and finish their mortgage with total payment security.”
GETTY
HSBC carried out a survey investigating whether increased rates would cause families to struggle
Another lender offering decade-long fixed rate deals is the Coventry Building Society, who have a range of rates that go up to a 90% Loan to Value, one of the few lenders to provide this option.
David Morris, Head of Mortgages and Savings commented: “We’ve offered this type of mortgage since April 2016, when the uncertain economic climate in the run up to the EU referendum meant that more borrowers were looking to fix for longer than the usual period of two or five years.
“The expectations of further Bank of England base rate rises after recent MPC meetings have meant that we’ve seen longer-term fixed rates become even more popular.
These types of mortgages could be well suited to a range of borrowers looking to take advantage of the current low rate environment and secure long-term certainty, especially those who are coming towards the end of their mortgage term.”
But before you sign on the dotted line there are several things to contemplate before you commit to such a long-term fixed rate mortgage.
Mortgage advice from Martin Lewis
Mon, December 19, 2016
Martin Lewis warns that the biggest single personal financial risk in 2017 is that mortgage rates will rise rapidly. Here’s the Money Saving Expert’s top mortgage tips.
Getty
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Mortgage advice from the Money Saving Expert Martin Lewis
Firstly, consider what you’ll need to pay to get the product.
Some lenders do charge hefty arrangement fees, so it’s worth checking to see what you may be charged and how much you need to find up front for your ten year deal, or if you can add any fees to the mortgage.
Brian Murphy, Head of Lending at Mortgage Advice Bureau advised: “Whilst ten year fixed rate deals can be the perfect product for those who are settled for the long term, it’s important to be aware of any Early Repayment Charges (ERCs) that you may have to pay if you decide to pay off your mortgage early or need to sell your property during the period of the loan.
“These vary between lenders so you do need to read the small print, and can make a ten year fix a less flexible option.
GETTY
Ten year fixed rate mortgages are most popular with those remortgaging
“That said, you may be able to take your mortgage with you if you move home – also known as ‘porting’ your mortgage – however some lenders do charge fees for this as well, whereas others impose strict criteria which means it’s not always possible to do so.
“These constraints can mean that ten year fixed rate deals aren’t for everyone, but for some people, they can provide an excellent basis for long term financial planning, particularly if you can combine a sub 2.5 per cent ten year fix alongside an overpayment strategy to clear your mortgage completely within that time.”
Whilst they may not be right for everyone, for some people a decade of certainty around their mortgage payments can provide both the basis for a long-term financial planning strategy, but also enduring peace of mind.
]]>https://briefnews.eu/mortgages-would-you-freeze-your-mortgage-for-ten-years/feed/0Mortgage rates: Will new retirement mortgages see a surge in older buyers?
https://briefnews.eu/mortgage-rates-will-new-retirement-mortgages-see-a-surge-in-older-buyers/
https://briefnews.eu/mortgage-rates-will-new-retirement-mortgages-see-a-surge-in-older-buyers/#respondThu, 28 Sep 2017 20:48:50 +0000http://briefnews.eu/mortgage-rates-will-new-retirement-mortgages-see-a-surge-in-older-buyers/
While many home owners hope to be able to pay off their mortgage as soon as possible, it can be seen as a milestone and impossible to eliminate.
But there are plenty of people who have retired and yet to pay off their mortgage.
While retirement mortgages have been around for some time, Vernon Building Society has launched two multi-use retirement mortgages with no age restrictions or arrangement fees.
The deals are available on both a repayment and interest-only basis.
The initial rates are 1.25 per cent below its standard variable rate of 4.7 per cent (currently 3.45 per cent) with a Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA), or 0.50 per cent below the SVR (4.2 per cent at present) without an LPA for the first five years.
Tom Gurrie, intermediary sales manager at the Vernon, told Your Mortgage the products can be repaid through property sale when the borrower dies or moves into alternative accommodation such as long-term care.
He said: “These products provide an alternative to a more traditional equity-release mortgage, with no roll-up of interest and no increase in the mortgage debt.
“We are seeing more applicants coming to the end of an interest-only mortgage in their later years who have no means to repay the outstanding debt demanded by their lender and therefore need to re-schedule their loan.
“At the moment, the products are only available to brokers with an equity-release qualification, so we welcome the recent announcement by the FCA to review the rules on advice when discussing retirement interest-only mortgages”.
Tom added that an LPA is becoming increasingly used to allow money issues, bank accounts etc. to be easily dealt with by a trusted family member where a person become infirm or loses mental capacity.
]]>https://briefnews.eu/mortgage-rates-will-new-retirement-mortgages-see-a-surge-in-older-buyers/feed/0Mortgages and the UK housing market in June: The REAL impact of the General Election
https://briefnews.eu/mortgages-and-the-uk-housing-market-in-june-the-real-impact-of-the-general-election/
https://briefnews.eu/mortgages-and-the-uk-housing-market-in-june-the-real-impact-of-the-general-election/#respondThu, 27 Jul 2017 00:57:09 +0000http://briefnews.eu/mortgages-and-the-uk-housing-market-in-june-the-real-impact-of-the-general-election/
Despite the political whirlwind over the last few months with the General Election, there has been little movement in the UK housing market, according to Mortgage Advice Bureau’s latest data.
Key indicators have shown the UK housing market in June remained solid, with little change on the previous month.
Average purchase price remained broadly unchanged with a 0.4 per cent increase month on month.
There was minimal change in the average remortgage loan with 0.8 per cent increase month on month.
And Average First Time Buyer property purchase price was mostly unchanged on May 17 with 0.8 per cent increase.
Brian Murphy, Head of Lending Mortgage Advice Bureau, said what they’ve observed from the data for June is the market held up well and mostly showed no sign of a slow-down int terms of consumer appetite for mortgages – either to purchase or to remortgage.
He added: “Clearly, consumers are making decisions based on their individual circumstances and generally seem not to be taking any notice of what goes on in the headlines, or at least taking them with a hearty pinch of salt.
“The reality is, for most of those moving currently, it’s not a discretionary decision; there are lifestyle drivers which are forcing them to move. For example a growing family or a need to relocate to get children into a certain school or due to a new job.
“In these circumstances, regardless of political or economic climate there is a need to move home, and that is driving activity, rather than a sentiment-based market which we’ve seen in previous years where buying decisions are fuelled by a desire to ‘not miss out’ if hours prices are on the increase.
“It’s a very difficult buying process now, and those who are currently transacting are, in the main, motivated due to circumstance and not speculation.”
The ongoing imbalance of stock versus demand in many area of the country, together with mortgage rates close to historic lows have meant what could have been a fallow month for UK property was actually one of the busiest months of the year so far, according to residential property transactions in June noted by HMRC.
Brian said: “While the majority of these deals will have been started before the start of the month, doubtless most would have been instigated post the Election being called on April 18, which further evidences the fact that UK consumers are apathetic to political conjecture because, frankly, it makes little difference in reality to their day to day decision making process.”
But the Mortgage Advice Bureau can not predict at this point in time what the full impact of the election and its outcome has had.
Brian added: “There are some signs of softening home mover activity, however, in terms of the levels of people who’ve applied for a mortgage since the election, either in terms of buying a home or remortgaging an existing one, the immediate evidence points to current market momentum being maintained, which is encouraging in tempers of the start to the second half of 2017.”
London, the North East, the North West, Wales and the South West did show a decrease from the previous month in Mortgage Advice Bureau’s Regional Purchase Loan Analysis.
Louisa Fletcher, Property Expert, explained: “The figures from Mortgage Advice Bureau overall reflect a generally steady picture, although some parts of the UK saw prices cooling last month. That’s to be expected, given that in Greater London for example, there is an increased sensitivity to economic and political factors, mainly due to the potential impact on employment in certain sectors, which of course in turn has a knock on impact with regards property decisions for those living and working in the Capital.
“In other areas, for example the North East, a slight cooling in prices is more likely indicative of the fact that potential buyers are doing their legwork and ensuring that they have a mortgage agreement in principle in place before they start their property search, meaning they are aware of their upper limit in advance and therefore are negotiating within their budget, rather than stretching to meet asking price.
“A slight reduction in asking prices isn’t necessarily a bad thing, as it will help to enable affordability. However it would appear from this latest set of data it would appear that, overall, the market is ticking over for now, although of course it will take a few months for the data to reflect any major changes in direction of travel in terms of house prices as a consequence of the Election result and ongoing Brexit negotiations.”
]]>https://briefnews.eu/mortgages-and-the-uk-housing-market-in-june-the-real-impact-of-the-general-election/feed/0Paying Rent and Mortgages With a Credit Card
https://briefnews.eu/paying-rent-and-mortgages-with-a-credit-card/
https://briefnews.eu/paying-rent-and-mortgages-with-a-credit-card/#respondWed, 12 Jul 2017 13:40:45 +0000http://briefnews.eu/paying-rent-and-mortgages-with-a-credit-card/Paying Rent and Mortgages With a Credit Card
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https://briefnews.eu/paying-rent-and-mortgages-with-a-credit-card/feed/0The impact of the Fed’s tapering on mortgages
https://briefnews.eu/the-impact-of-the-feds-tapering-on-mortgages/
https://briefnews.eu/the-impact-of-the-feds-tapering-on-mortgages/#respondSun, 02 Jul 2017 08:33:01 +0000http://briefnews.eu/the-impact-of-the-feds-tapering-on-mortgages/At the June FOMC meeting, the Fed established a gradual reduction of its treasury and agency holdings with initial caps of USD 6B for treasuries and USD 4B for mortgage backed securities (MBS) per month. Furthermore, the Fed will increase the runoff over time to a maximum of USD 30B per month for treasuries and USD 20B per month for MBS. Adding those numbers up, the Fed will reduce their MBS balance from roughly USD 1.8T to USD 1.0T by the end of 2021 (depending on your interest rate forecast). This reduction was somewhat in line with what the market had priced in, and gives the Fed flexibility to stop runoff if economic conditions were to deteriorate. What does this mean for mortgage valuation?
J.P. Morgan Asset Management
J.P. Morgan Asset Management
As you can see from the exhibits above, mortgage spreads on an option-adjusted basis have been steadily rising since 2016, but you can also see that Z spreads (TZV) have steadily gone down. For the investor not familiar with MBS, this sounds counterintuitive, however in a low interest rate volatility environment, this can happen. But, why does it happen? If you look at Exhibit 2 above, you will see the interest rate vega and gamma, which are measures of the change in the option cost of the instrument underlying the option (vega), and the measure of the convexity of the instrument, also known as the delta of the delta or the second derivative of the underlying option (gamma).
If you didn’t understand those last two sentences, you are not alone; in more plain English the call option an investor sells when owning MBS has been going down in cost. And the rate of change in price of that call option has likewise gone down to the lowest levels seen over the past 10 years.
Bringing the discussion full circle means that absolute spreads can go down, but option adjusted spreads can go up as proven over the past year.
J.P. Morgan Asset Management
Now to the point, it’s the classic bulls versus bears argument, are mortgages cheap or rich? A bull may say mortgages are cheap relative to all other asset classes, as most asset classes are at their tightest spreads over the past few years. Some bulls may mention the OAS steadily rising as a sign of value. Additionally, bulls may point to the fact that money managers have bought USD 60B in outright agency MBS YTD, or that foreign buyers see agency MBS as the highest yielding government guaranteed asset class.
The bears will make the case that the mortgage basis (spread above similar duration treasury blend) is at the tightest levels since late 2012 and OAS is at the tighter end of the range since 2003. Bears may also state that correlations are ever-increasing between treasuries and MBS, following the path of past rate hike cycles that could potentially widen the basis. More headwinds include the largest buyer (the Fed) stepping back, and potential increases in interest rate volatility, increasing vega and gamma, which in turn widens MBS spreads.
As of right now, we look at the underlying fundamentals, combined with a difficult technical backdrop, and feel there could be a better entry point. With plenty of investors on each side of the fight, tapering will create a dynamic second half of the year in MBS no matter what side of the argument you are on.
]]>https://briefnews.eu/the-impact-of-the-feds-tapering-on-mortgages/feed/0Canadians are using second mortgages to avoid bankruptcy
https://briefnews.eu/canadians-are-using-second-mortgages-to-avoid-bankruptcy/
https://briefnews.eu/canadians-are-using-second-mortgages-to-avoid-bankruptcy/#respondSun, 11 Jun 2017 19:09:42 +0000http://briefnews.eu/canadians-are-using-second-mortgages-to-avoid-bankruptcy/Shutterstock
Does a lack of bankruptcies in Canada mean the Canadian consumer is doing better than most experts think? Much like the lack of mortgage defaults, the devil’s in the details. The debt experts at Hoyes Michalos have created the Homeowners Bankruptcy Index, which is currently at an all-time low.
At first glance, this looks great. However, Hoyes Michalos claims there is an artificially low number of bankruptcies due to homeowners refinancing their debt, and just slapping it onto their mortgages.
The Homeowner Bankruptcy Index
If you’re not a debt expert, you might need a little walkthrough of the explanation of the Homeowner Debt Bankruptcy Index. In their words, it measures the percentage of insolvent debtors who owned a home at the time they filed a bankruptcy or consumer proposal.
That was pretty chock full of industry lingo, so let’s just give you a quick walkthrough of the terms so we’re on the same page.
In plain English, insolvent debtors are people that can’t keep up with their bills. A consumer proposal is a formal attempt to negotiate paying a percentage of your debt. Bankruptcy is when you turn your pockets inside out and shrug like the Monopoly Man when he gets the “Pay The Poor” card. Just kidding, it’s a formal process where a Licensed Insolvency Trustee (LIT) liquidates your assets and distribute them to your creditors. There’s a little more to each of those, but hopefully you never have to actually find out the full ins and outs of them. Got it? Onward!
Homeowner Bankruptcy Index at all-time lows
The Homeowner Bankruptcy Index is currently at an all-time low. The number of people filing for either a consumer proposal or bankruptcy that owned a home fell to just 7% at the end of May 2017.
This is a pretty big drop from the all-time high, when it hit 35% in February 2011. If you look at the chart, you’ll notice that it drops very rapidly in 2016, and 2017. This was right when home prices across Canada started soaring.
Better Dwelling
Decline is due to rise in home prices
Hoyes Michalos has a very simple explanation for that, Canadians are using their homes like ATMs, withdrawing equity. “Homeowners with significant unsecured debt are currently able to refinance this debt through a second mortgage or home equity line of credit (HELOC)” claims Hoyes Michalos.
There’s 1.91 million Canadians with HELOCs, and even more with a second mortgage. Not exactly signs of booming incomes that would be the ideal reason to see delinquencies decline.
They warn that any softening of the market that results in a correction of home values will result in a sudden spike in homeowners filing for insolvency. They go on to warn if this combines with “even a modest rise in interest rates…we could see this index rise above levels experienced after the 2009 recession.”
Canadians have been piling on record amounts of debt, and it appears they’re looking for every possible way to delay paying it back. Refinancing your mortgage to accommodate debt might work for now, but will leave homeowners that take this option more vulnerable.
The less equity in your home, the less likely you are to secure good mortgage rate renewal terms. Worse terms mean higher rates, and that will definitely complicate your ability to pay your bills on time.
]]>https://briefnews.eu/canadians-are-using-second-mortgages-to-avoid-bankruptcy/feed/0Sainsburys Bank mortgages: Supermarket enters tough home loan market to offer THIS deal
https://briefnews.eu/sainsburys-bank-mortgages-supermarket-enters-tough-home-loan-market-to-offer-this-deal/
https://briefnews.eu/sainsburys-bank-mortgages-supermarket-enters-tough-home-loan-market-to-offer-this-deal/#respondThu, 01 Jun 2017 15:00:14 +0000http://briefnews.eu/sainsburys-bank-mortgages-supermarket-enters-tough-home-loan-market-to-offer-this-deal/
Their best mortgage is currently the 1.14 per cent two year fix at 60 per cent Loan to Value.
This product comes with a £995 product fee attached.
As well as going direct to Sainsbury’s for their mortgages, you can get them through a broker – although only one is authorised to offer Sainsbury’s mortgages.
L&C Mortgages are currently the only broker who can recommend a Sainsbury’s mortgage to their clients.
Mortgage lenders are currently locked in a price war, with incredible deals on offer to customers.
HSBC recently threw down the gauntlet by launching their cheapest five-year fixed mortgage at 1.69 per cent.
Fixed rate mortgages have been falling since the Bank of England cut the official interest rate to 0.25 per cent in August last year.
However prices – as measured by the consumer prices index – rose by 2.3 per cent in the year to March.
Economists predict inflation will top three per cent in the coming months.
If this trend of rising prices continues over the longer-term, the Bank of England will come under pressure to raise rates, which will quickly be passed on to mortgage borrowers.
With election and Brexit looming, there is much for householders to decide on – and there are a number of things to think about when making the decision on whether to pay off the mortgage early.
If you have other, more expensive debt, such as credit cards or store cards, these should be paid off first.
These cost a lot to pay off over time, so it makes better financial sense to deal with these debts as a priority.
Pensions are a tax-efficient way to save because the government tops up your contributions with tax relief.
Therefore, if you don’t have a pension, it makes sense to pay into a pension to ensure you have enough money for your retirement first.
]]>https://briefnews.eu/sainsburys-bank-mortgages-supermarket-enters-tough-home-loan-market-to-offer-this-deal/feed/0Vancouver’s mortgages are rapidly deteriorating in quality
https://briefnews.eu/vancouvers-mortgages-are-rapidly-deteriorating-in-quality/
https://briefnews.eu/vancouvers-mortgages-are-rapidly-deteriorating-in-quality/#respondMon, 22 May 2017 23:40:23 +0000http://briefnews.eu/vancouvers-mortgages-are-rapidly-deteriorating-in-quality/Reuters/Reuters Photographer
Vancouver real estate may be showing signs of exhaustion. According to the Bank of Canada (BoC) and the Ministry of Finance (MoF), the quality of mortgages are showing increasing signs of quality deterioration. Over the past year this trend has accelerated, leaving more homeowners vulnerable to financial ruins in the event of a minor correction.
A Dangerous Combination For Mortgages
High-ratio mortgages combined with high loan-to-income ratios are a dangerous combination for homeowners. A high-ratio mortgage is one where less than 20% is placed as a down payment, and the owner has as little as 5% equity in the home. Chances of these mortgages going underwater (i.e. the owner ending up with negative equity in the home) are already pretty high.
This becomes even more of an issue when paired with a high loan-to-income ratio. That’s the ratio of the size of the mortgage (the loan) to your gross annual salary (income). The higher the loan-to-income ratio, the harder it is to keep up with payments. This becomes doubly dangerous with even a slight market correction, since rates would rise. Rising rates can easily break a stretched borrower’s ability to keep up with payments. If their mortgage is underwater, and they are having a tough time paying the bills, they’re in for trouble. Borrowers like this will need to pay to unload their home. Kind of tricky since they’ve already maxed out on payments in the first place.
Vancouver’s Risky Mortgages
The BoC and the MoF data shows that the quality of high-ratio loans in Vancouver is quickly deteriorating. The fiscal year ending in 3Q of 2016 saw high-ratio mortgages with an average LTI higher than 350%, in more than 75% of postal codes in Vancouver. This is an 11% increase from the period prior, which is very strong growth. Unfortunately, this isn’t the good kind of growth.
The Loan-To-Income Ratio Is Getting Worse
These subprime loans are actually getting worse in Vancouver. 36% of postal codes saw the average loan-to-income ratio increase from the year prior. V5X, known to humans as South Vancouver, saw the largest increase. The ratio jumped from insignificant numbers, to an average high-ratio loan-to-income of over 450% – the highest measure the BoC gives. Only three other area codes scored this high, V4C (Delta Northeast), V5J (South Slope), and V6V (mostly farmland in Richmond). In the event of a correction these areas will likely be impacted the most.
Better Dwelling
The BoC’s concerns are not just limited to Vancouver, they previously noted that Canadians across the country are increasingly stretching themselves thin to pursue homeownership. Rapidly increasing prices are great for homeowner equity, but high leverage borrowers should be mindful of the risks. Bottomline, always stay within your budget. If you can’t afford to buy now, renting isn’t the end of the world.
Editor’s Note: This is a separate issue from low income, to high priced homes. Foreign buyers, and the self-employed often have a low level of declared income in Canada. However, they are required to put more than 35% down when buying a home, meaning by definition these people are not in either of those groups.
]]>https://briefnews.eu/vancouvers-mortgages-are-rapidly-deteriorating-in-quality/feed/0RBS sets aside another £3.1BILLION for mis-selling US mortgages
https://briefnews.eu/rbs-sets-aside-another-3-1billion-for-mis-selling-us-mortgages-2/
https://briefnews.eu/rbs-sets-aside-another-3-1billion-for-mis-selling-us-mortgages-2/#respondThu, 26 Jan 2017 15:30:12 +0000http://briefnews.eu/rbs-sets-aside-another-3-1billion-for-mis-selling-us-mortgages-2/
ROYAL Bank of Scotland has set aside another £3.1 billion to settle claims from US authorities that it mis-sold risky mortgage securities in the run-up to the financial crisis. Daily Express :: City and Business Feed
]]>https://briefnews.eu/rbs-sets-aside-another-3-1billion-for-mis-selling-us-mortgages-2/feed/0RBS sets aside another £3.1BILLION for mis-selling US mortgages
https://briefnews.eu/rbs-sets-aside-another-3-1billion-for-mis-selling-us-mortgages/
https://briefnews.eu/rbs-sets-aside-another-3-1billion-for-mis-selling-us-mortgages/#respondThu, 26 Jan 2017 11:30:47 +0000http://briefnews.eu/rbs-sets-aside-another-3-1billion-for-mis-selling-us-mortgages/
ROYAL Bank of Scotland has set aside another £3.1 billion to settle claims from US authorities that it mis-sold risky mortgage securities in the run-up to the financial crisis. Daily Express :: Finance Feed